Self-efficacy: mediator or moderator? Summary evidence from 7 studies

Abstract

Self-efficacy is regarded as a predictor of various health behaviors based on a substantial number of empirical evidence. Moreover, many observational studies have specified self-efficacy as a mediator, illustrating HOW change takes place. Interventions often affect self-efficacy first, leading to changes in behavior, suggesting a mediated effect. Moderation points to the question FOR WHOM a treatment is beneficial. At some levels of the moderator a mediation chain is valid, and for others, a different mechanism is valid (moderated mediation). Research from 7 studies, conducted in several countries, will be presented: In an oral hygiene study, self-efficacy mediates between experimental conditions and self-monitoring; it interacts with a planning intervention on physical activity; with intention on dietary planning; it interacts with intention on dental flossing; it interacts with planning on physical activity; it interacts with preparatory behaviors on physical activity in a student sample; it interacts with social support on physical activity in a student sample as well as in older adults. Based on such evidence, researchers need to explore various complex models when embedding self-efficacy in behavior change research.