Menopausal symptoms, vitality, body image, exercise behaviour and wellbeing: a mixed methods study

Abstract

Background: The aim was to examine the relationships between menopausal symptoms, appearance evaluation, exercise behaviour, and wellbeing (subjective vitality, life satisfaction and self-esteem) using a mixed methods approach. Methods: A nationwide survey was carried out with women experiencing the menopausal transition (n=271;m age=53) analysed using Structural Equation Modeling. A selection (n=12) were then interviewed about their experiences, which were analysed in context of the model. Findings: Menopausal symptoms were directly associated with appearance but not exercise. However, as hypothesised, when mediated by subjective vitality, menopausal symptoms were related to both appearance and exercise. Exercise was associated with appearance but was not directly related to self-esteem or life satisfaction. However, there was an indirect effect as appearance was associated with self-esteem and life satisfaction. Discussion: The qualitative findings provided contextual detail into the relationships, and other factors that may influence the associations in the model. In addition to the variables included in the model, perceived control, ability to cope, and motivations to exercise may be important to consider. Therefore we recommend that these constructs are included to further develop this model.