A systematic review of studies examining the selection, optimisation and compensation model in older adults

Abstract

Background: The regulatory processes that allow individuals to adapt well as they cope with changes throughout life have been the focus of several lifespan theories over the past twenty years. The Selection, Optimisation and Compensation (SOC) model is a lifespan theory describing three processes used by people to achieve their goals as they age and experience both gains and losses. Whether adults use the processes of selection, optimisation and compensation as they age, and the relationships between their use and positive outcomes, has been examined using a range of approaches. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of studies examining the SOC model in older adults and those with health conditions. Method: A systematic review of studies utilising the SOC model in adults was conducted, using a systematic database search and hand-searching of eligible studies. Findings: The full text of 363 articles was reviewed, with 49 selected for inclusion in the review. Cross sectional and longitudinal studies were the most common SOC study designs. The relationship between SOC and outcome was examined in a range of conditions including arthritis, stroke and in those undergoing orthopaedic rehabilitation. In general, the studies found a positive relationship between the use of SOC strategies and positive outcomes, particularly when resources, e.g. good health, were low. Discussion: Whilst there were positive relationships between SOC strategy use and outcomes, there is a reliance on cross-sectional data. Further research is necessary to determine whether the use of SOC strategies can be taught.